Term paper of Cyberpunk Film class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Of Cyberpunk Film class - Term Paper Example Through the hacking action, Neo, Anderson’s hacking pseudonym makes associate of Morpheus who revealed to him that none of the things he knew is genuine. Everything and everybody is a survivor of â€Å"The Matrix†, a computerized reasoning framework that thinks carefully and bodies for vitality while making a figment of a genuine world. Morpheus and his group are searching for â€Å"The One† whom they accept is Neo. The Matrix is the place the individuals exist in the film. It is a PC produced dream world, a bogus reality that is made for people to conceal reality. Reality as indicated by Morpheus is that the people are subjugated by the man-made brainpower to give them the vitality like a battery. In the Matrix, Neo worked in Metacortex, a main programming organization and filled in as a programmer simultaneously where he made associate of Morpheus. Nonetheless, Zizek (2002) depicted the Matrix as the â€Å"Lacanian â€Å"big Other†, the virtual representative request, the system that structures reality for us.† This â€Å"big Other† is the name for the social Substance, for all that because of which the subject never completely commands the impacts of his demonstrations, by virtue of which the ultimate result of his action is continually some different option from what he focused on or foreseen (Zizek 244). The â€Å"big Other† in the film is the current Mega-Computer which controls the Matrix and that there must be a presence of the Matrix to show that there are things that is by all accounts strange, open doors that are missed and things turn out badly (Zizek 245). As per Zizek (2002), there this no extreme reality, rather, there are endless arrangement of augmented realities, another Matrix after the Matrix. As indicated by Zizek (2002), this â€Å"big Other† additionally represents the â€Å"field of good judgment at which one can show up after free pondering; logically, its last incredible variant of Habermas’ open network with its regulative perfect of agreement.† This thought of â€Å"big

Consumer Purchasing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer Purchasing Process - Essay Example The exercises engaged with the procedure incorporate recognizing and assessing merchants, choosing explicit items, putting requests, and settling emerging issues (Schneider, 2010). Every one of these exercises encourage the securing procedure from either the provider or maker. The buying procedure makes six strides which are need acknowledgment; provider ID and choice; contract exchange; buy request arrangement; buy request development; and request receipt and satisfaction (Li, 2007). Every one of these means includes a few buying exercises. In the initial step of the buying procedure, an organization distinguishes a requirement for a specific material. The progression includes buying exercises like recognizable proof of materials and their conveyance time. It additionally includes quality, amount, and characteristics recognizable proof. The subsequent advance proceeds to recognize explicit venders or distributers for the materials distinguished in the initial step. This progression includes buying exercises like value pattern examination, provider accessibility investigation, and economic situations investigation (Li, 2007). The third step includes arrangement of the terms and states of the buy procedure in this manner opening deal. Upon concession to the terms and conditions, a buy request is set. ... In the six stages, the buyer gets the request and checks both quality and amount provided. It is in this progression where the deal is shut and the organization gets responsibility for bought materials. By and large, buying process includes collaboration between the buying work force of an organization and key record supervisors of the providing organization. The record directors ought to have aptitudes like arranging and showcasing, relationship building, critical thinking, arranging, opportunity making, association, correspondence, and introducing abilities (Cheverton, 1999). In certain circumstances, the providers utilize worldwide records the board rather than key records the board. These circumstances require the seller organization to be worldwide and composed. Abilities required for faculty in worldwide records the board is indistinguishable from the ones required in key record the board. The purpose behind this is the closeness in the exercises attempted in every one of the c ases. Investigation Purchasing process includes the buying organization and the selling organization. These organizations have clashing interests. Every one of them attempts to boost benefits got from a buy while limiting the two dangers and expenses. Arrangements are constantly required so as to accomplish these destinations. This demonstrates the people chose to speak to an organization in a buying procedure ought to have great exchange abilities. Arrangement abilities are in accordance with relational abilities and subsequently, these people need to have great relational abilities also. On the off chance that people speaking to an organization need arrangement aptitudes, the other organization may exploit the shortcoming in the buying procedure. Because of this, the more fragile organization may make loses while the other organization

The Problem of Media Bias essays

The Problem of Media Bias articles Media has a significant and ground-breaking influence in America. A huge number of American residents counsel their TVs for the news. They structure sentiments on specific issues dependent on what they've seen, heard, and read in the media. The medias job in political undertakings is particularly significant: They have the ability to represent the deciding moment an applicant. They can denounce an applicant or make him/her amiable. News media systems influence the publics enthusiasm for legislative issues by demonstrating the individuals what they need them to see. Regardless of whether there are numerous issues in a battle, the media will concentrate on the one they consider to be the most significant, and different issues can be totally overlooked. Given that overall population can't settle on educated up choices on open strategy issues if the news on which they depend is twisted, it is clearly fundamental that TV news communicates and other media be simply and fair-minded. Be that as it may, there has consistently been a lot of conversation about the purported journalistic spin. Is the media one-sided? Obviously, yet towards whom? The media can be one-sided towards the two nonconformists and moderates. A few traditionalists contend that liberal writers will in general join their own liberal convictions in the news they report, while liberal columnists demand that they remain impartial and report news with no predisposition. Others will contend that traditionalist journalists take minor things, decorate it, or blow it to legendary extents. As indicated by Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them by Al Franken, conservative columnists utilized this strategy to injure Clintons administration, dishonor Gore, and put Bush into office. The media should introduce their news in an unprejudiced manner to permit watchers to shape their own perspectives. Sadly, this isn't the situation. The media frequently shows its predisposition. Their broad introduction empowers them to impart their plans to the general population, paying little heed to the publics responsiveness. The media influences American enthusiasm towards governmental issues by just s... <!

Chapter 2 Thesis Enrolment System

Notes on Philippine pre-pioneer writing Notes and accounts on Philippine pre-frontier writing, for the most part taken from my Filipino 14 class under Mr. Popa. The pre-provincial period in the Philippines is the longest part in the nation's history. However it is likewise the darkest section ever, with not many records surviving. The absence of information concerning the period originates from the absence of assets concerning this time, welcomed on by the perishability of the things created during those times.Having a solid liking with nature, the early Filipino people group delivered things formed from the crude materials in the district, generally from plants and trees. Another explanation was the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The Catholic ministers who were entrusted with changing over the â€Å"uncivilized† locals slandered the pre-frontier culture, considering the to be of that time as a danger to their strategic spread Christianity in the land. Just a couple of original copies despite everything get by right up 'til today, for the most part done by Spanish clerics who had drenched themselves in the network trying to translate their ways.One of the most significant was the Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Juan de Noceda and Fr. Pedro San Lucar (1734), a treasury of early oral legend that protected numerous instances of pre-pioneer writing. Be that as it may, in spite of the Spanish lessons, Philippine pre-frontier culture was not as uncouth as it had been portrayed. The nearness of a clamoring exchange economy with Chinese and Muslim vendors existed some time before the arrival of the Spaniards. The oral writing in presence during that time additionally showed a feeling of advancement past that of basic brutal cultures.Anitism, a term begat by Stephen Hislop, alludes to the religion common in the religion around then. The early Filipinos put stock in the nearness ofâ anitos, early stage powers of nature that could go with or have individuals. Filipinos likewise held the guideline ofâ loobâ with extraordinary significance. Freely translated,â loobmeans inside. Loobâ is likewise an ambiguous reference to the spirit. An endeavor to explainâ loobâ may continue as follows. The idea ofâ loobâ can, above all else, be identified with the idea of a spirit. It is something that lives inside the person.However, it isn't mortal, or as explicit as a spirit; it is an indispensable piece of the individual however not the individual in his/her sum. Loobis likewise identified with space and trust; with the phraseâ malapit ang loob ko sa iyoâ (malapitmeaning close) alluding to an individual's high trust level with the other. Loobâ is likewise an individual space, something hallowed to the individual that has a place with only him. The Filipinos were likewise plentifully supplied in the zone of writing. A long-standing oral convention that despite everything makes due in leftovers right up 'til the present time foll ows its underlying foundations to the pre-frontier period. Philippine writing utilized ordinary language, and was a collective activity.As such, the social pertinence of writing during that time was significant. Subjects incorporated the day by day schedules of the network, living as per nature and living inside the network. Writing was the essential articulation of the network's encounters, convictions and feelings. Filipino pre-frontier writing followed certain shows. Because of its oral nature, most stories had an equation based technique for development. This was strengthened by the obligation of writing as an impression of the shared conviction and experience; the reiteration of subjects featured the common characteristics of the district's way of life, and personality was in this way embodied.The oral convention likewise refined the structure of pre-pilgrim writing, utilizing the utilization of cadence and rhyme to incredible impact. Beat and rhyme recognized abstract pieces f rom typical discussion while utilizing the natural ordinary language that everybody in the network comprehended. These gadgets additionally made the pieces simpler to recollect and retell, while permitting the narrator to relate the ascent and fall of tone with the fitting parts of the story.Philippine writing has a profound degree of refinement, found in the natural solidarity of language, subject and pertinence inside each piece. The utilization of basic language didn't keep the pieces from getting a dash of class that set it apart, a demonstration of the artistic capacity of the pre-pioneer culture. Writing was an essential device for network cohesiveness, established in the establishments of language as a device for endurance. Banding together to conquer the perils of the wild, writing took on shared subjects that advanced a feeling of harmony all through the locals.Literature likewise mirrored the liking of pre-frontier Fipinos with nature, with the utilization of beautiful all egories and distinctive foundations to upgrade the story and express their valuation for nature itself. Writing is such a fundamental piece of pre-pioneer Philippine culture that it was one of the techniques utilized by the Spanish so as to change over the Filipinos towards Christianity. Be that as it may, the Filipinos were strongly disparaging of these Spanish pieces, to a great extent because of their powerlessness to relate them to their common convictions.

Freedom of Choice in A Clockwork Orange Essays -- essays research pape

Opportunity of Choice In the novel A Clockwork Orange, the creator Anthony Burgess recounts to an anecdote about a youngster name Alex and his companions, each night they go around and begin submitting rough acts. In the novel Alex communicates his opportunity of decision among great and insidiousness. The opportunity of decision is a choice that each individual must make for an incredible duration so as to direct his moves and to make control of his own future. This Freedom of Choice, regardless of what the result is, shows individual force as an individual, and any endeavors to control or impact this decision among great and malice will take way the individual unrestrained choice and subjugate him. In this novel the creator utilizes this imagery through symbolism. He shows that through the character of Alex, and the main individual story perspective to demonstrate that without the capacity to pick among great and underhandedness individual turns into a slave. In this novel Alex shows his opportunity of decision among great and insidiousness, which is that, his predominance over the guiltless and the powerless. In the start of the novel he decides to be malevolent, he gives us that by submitting brutality act like taking, assaulting, and furthermore killing a blameless individual which he got captured for and put into jail for around 12 years. The sum brutality he submits shows his maltreatment of intensity and his choices toward fiendish. The vicious demonstrations that are portrayed in this novel are graphical and are planned to stun the peruser yet they likewise show that the concealment of others isn't right, since it is ruinous to the normal privileges of people. Alex reliably picks insidiousness and brutality to show his opportunity of decision, ?Now I was prepared for a touch of twenty-to-one . . . at that point I broke this veck pg 7. Alex beats, assaults, and loots the frail and ... ...lence. This idea is urgent to the peruser's comprehension of how close the opportunity of decision is identified with singular force. The exhibition of his choice and his loss of intensity through the nonappearance of decision is successfully practiced using first individual portrayal. All through this novel, creator Anthony Burgess has demonstrated us numerous parts of opportunity of decision and its maltreatment. Through solid images in symbolism, Alex's portrayal, and his perspective, the nonattendance of decision is demonstrated as the most disregarded depravation of individual opportunity. In everybody's life, the battle for power exists in all circumstances. The choice among great and shrewdness is the opportunity that everybody must have as a person. The decision of which way to take is dependant on the individual and the circumstance, yet the acknowledgment that both exist is a force unto itself. Opportunity of Choice in A Clockwork Orange Essays - articles investigate pape Opportunity of Choice In the novel A Clockwork Orange, the creator Anthony Burgess recounts to a tale about a youngster name Alex and his companions, each night they go around and begin submitting fierce acts. In the novel Alex communicates his opportunity of decision among great and underhandedness. The opportunity of decision is a choice that each individual must make for an amazing duration so as to manage his moves and to make control of his own future. This Freedom of Choice, regardless of what the result is, shows individual force as an individual, and any endeavors to control or impact this decision among great and abhorrence will take way the individual unrestrained choice and oppress him. In this novel the creator utilizes this imagery through symbolism. He shows that through the character of Alex, and the primary individual story perspective to demonstrate that without the capacity to pick among great and abhorrence individual turns into a slave. In this novel Alex shows his opportunity of decision among great and underhandedness, which is that, his prevalence over the guiltless and the frail. In the start of the novel he decides to be detestable, he gives us that by submitting brutality act like taking, assaulting, and furthermore killing an honest individual which he got captured for and put into jail for around 12 years. The sum brutality he submits shows his maltreatment of intensity and his choices toward detestable. The savage demonstrations that are portrayed in this novel are extremely graphical and are expected to stun the peruser yet they likewise show that the concealment of others isn't right, since it is damaging to the regular privileges of people. Alex reliably picks fiendishness and brutality to show his opportunity of decision, ?Now I was prepared for a touch of twenty-to-one . . . at that point I split this veck pg 7. Alex beats, assaults, and ransacks the powerless and ... ...lence. This idea is vital to the peruser's comprehension of how close the opportunity of decision is identified with singular force. The exhibit of his choice and his loss of intensity through the nonappearance of decision is adequately cultivated using first individual portrayal. All through this novel, creator Anthony Burgess has demonstrated us numerous parts of opportunity of decision and its maltreatment. Through solid images in symbolism, Alex's portrayal, and his perspective, the nonattendance of decision is demonstrated as the most disregarded depravation of individual opportunity. In everybody's life, the battle for power exists in all circumstances. The choice among great and malice is the opportunity that everybody must have as a person. The decision of which way to take is dependant on the individual and the circumstance, however the acknowledgment that both exist is a force unto itself.

Doolittle, James Harold

Doolittle, James Harold Doolittle, James Harold, 1896â€"1993, American aviator, b. Alameda, Calif. After serving in World War I as a flier he returned to school and earned a Sc.D. from MIT. He then became noted for his speed flying (world record, 1932) and also engaged in commercial aviation as the head of Shell Oil's aviation department. In 1940 he was recalled to the U.S. Army Air Corps. Doolittle commanded the first bombers that raided (Apr. 18, 1942) Tokyo and other Japanese cities from the aircraft carrier Hornet. He later headed the North African Strategic Air Forces and led the 8th Air Force in its massive attacks on Germany. In 1945 he resigned from the Army with the rank of lieutenant general to return to business. He retired in 1959. See biographies by Q. J. Reynolds (1953, repr. 1972), C. V. Glines (1972), and L. Thomas and E. Jablonski (1976). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Smoking Matters - Free Essay Example

Smoking Kills. Two simple words to describe something horrible, yet millions of people in the world still continue to smoke. Smoking has plagued the world since it came out in the 9th century, and now the ever-prescence of cigarettes in the 20th century and new electronic nicotine vaporizers have made smoking more common than ever. Although the government views nicotine and tobacco as a legal drug, it still has many illegal sides to it; underaged smoking is at the highest ever with the introduction of electronic cigarettes. Smoking is seen in the world as normal, but there is an underlying epidemic of nicotine addiction and abuse. At a quick glance of this image, it seems like a normal cigarette advertisement with your usual Smoking Kills slogan on top. The focus is on the cigarette itself, as it is at almost takes up the entire photo. The angle of the cigarette is also important, as we can see what looks like bullets inside the cigarette paper. If the cigarette was shown at a horizontal angle facing away from us, we wouldnt have ever known there were bullets inside this cigarette. The photo uses two very similary but different common items to portray one common message. There is a cigarette, and the cigarette is loaded with bullets. The advertisement persuades us not to smoke. The advertisement cleverly brings up a question in our mind; What happens if we smoke that cigarette? The answer is clear, when we light up that cigarette, the bullets will shoot inside us and cause our death. This is use of logos, the picture is clear in depicting you WILL die if you smoke that cigarette. The next time someone who sees this advertisement opens up another pack of cigarettes, they will remember this picture and think otherwise. The intended audience for this advertisement is for both smokers and non-smokers. This will sway non-smokers from thinking about smoking, and for smokers it will make them think twice about smoking another cigarette. The advertisement also uses pathos to depict cigarettes. A bullet, something that is known to have killed millions of people, is put into the cigarette. This puts another perspective to cigarette use. Smokers will hopefully have a different feeling towards cigarettes the next time they light one up. The picture also uses ethics, that being the bullet in the cigarette. People behave quite scared when a bullet is mentioned, having that inside a cigarette will make smokers realize that tobacco can be as harmful as a bullet. Critiques might say that this advertisement will not do anything to sway the opinions of smokers, but this advertisement is so much different than any other tobacco prevention ads. It puts emphasis that there is only two ways to this situation; either you smoke it and die or you leave it and live. Aliyana uses â€Å"Red Herring Fallacy†. She distracts the audience from â€Å"why smoking kills† but puts more emphasis on how it kills you. Overall, this picture does a great job trying to divert smokers from smoking cigarettes. This advertisement will cause an emotionally appealing message; smoking is the same as taking a shot to the body. She takes the worthiness of cigarettes and puts it to shame, making cigarettes the equivalent to a gun with a loaded bullet. It’s just a plain white background with a cigarette and a common catch phrase for tobacco prevention advertisements, but there is so much more to this advertisement than to the normal eye.

Case Study£ºmacmillan and Grunski Consulting - 3589 Words

Introductory Overview The group project, Macmillan and Grunski Consulting, consists of two sections. The first part explains the case about discounted cash flow analysis, by answering the given nine questions. The second part discusses the retirement planning. #61607; Case Study Sandra Macmillan, one of the founders of Macmillan and Grunski Consulting which provides financial planning services, is now giving a short project to Mary Somkin, the firm ¡Ã‚ ¯s top secretary. If she can successfully demonstrate her ability and skill of discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, one of the most important concepts in financial planning, she can expand her role in the firm and broaden her job opportunity. The project was an actual analysis for†¦show more content†¦b) c) With a same $18,000 investment, in order to earn $35,000 after 6 years, how the nominal interest rates of the First National Bank differ if coumpounded annually, semiannually, quarterly and daily? Known factors Solution: iN= n*[(FV/PV)not;1/(n*6) - 1] FV=$35,000 PV=$18,000 N=6 year Sub-Question n= Compounding frequency: a) 1 (Annual) EAR = ($35,000/$18,000)not;1/6 - 1=11.72% b) 2 (Semiannual) EAR =2* [($35,000/$18,000)not;1/(2*6) - 1]=11.40% 4 (Quarterly) EAR = 4*[($35,000/$18,000)not;1/(4*6) - 1]=11.24%% 365 (Daily) EAR = 365*[($35,000/$18,000)not;1/(365*6) - 1]=11.08% Implication: with same other factors, the nearer compounding frequency to + ¡ÃƒÅ¾, the smaller change in interest rate. Big difference occurs when nominal interate rates are compounded annually and quarterly. Question 5 Ordinary annuity The option mentioned in Q4 is to make one initial investment at the beginning of Year 1. The alternative to be discussed in question 5 is different. (a) According to this new plan, the investment is divided into six equal installment paid annually. As the equal payments are made at each period, this type of investment is regarded as an Ordinary Annuity. (b)(c) In these two questions, the interest is compounded

The Issue Of Gun Control Essay - 2091 Words

President Obama said at a press conference held in response to another mass shooting in Oregon on October 01, 2015 â€Å"The solution to such violence is obvious. It cannot be this easy for somebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Despite how obvious the president said the solution is, the fact remains that gun control is still a controversial issue today. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. The first task I will complete in this research paper is clearing up any misconceptions about Gun Control and all the terminologies I will use. Followed by my three arguments that prove this position which are (1) Incidents like Sandy Hook or Oregon will be less likely to occur (2) It reduces t he high rates of accidental deaths and (3) As the years pass by and technology updates the laws should be up to date as well. Members from the National Rifles Association state that No law-abiding American should be forced to face evil with empty hands. I say I agree with President Obama there SHOULD be more gun control laws because it should not be as easy as it is for someone who wants to inflict harm on others to get their hands on a weapon. Allow me to first clear up anyShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australian 1996 Na tional Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans believes it i s our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too acce ssible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control929 Wor ds   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Disproportionate Minority Contact - 739 Words

Disproportionate Minority Contact Minority youth are disproportionately represented throughout juvenile justice systems in nearly every state in the nation. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in juvenile justice occurs when minority youth come into contact with the system at a higher rate than their white counterparts. African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders and Native Americans comprise a combined one-third of the nations youth population. Yet they account for over two-thirds of the youth in secure juvenile facilities (Armour Hammond, 2009). Armour and Hammond (2009) point to an assortment of explanations that have emerged for the disproportionate treatment of minorities including jurisdictional issues, certain police practices, punitive juvenile crime legislation of the 1990s, and perceived racial bias in the system. Often the outcome of criminal allegations can depend on the jurisdiction in which the youth is processed according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). Research indicates cases adjudicated in urban areas are more likely to result in harsher results than similar cases adjudicated in non-urban areas. Another contributing factor may come from the geographic effect. Minority populations are concentrated in urban areas; this may work to over represent minorities in the juvenile justice system. Another contributing factor related to urbanization is the location and visibility of minority youth crimes.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Disproportionate Minority Contact1071 Words   |   5 Pages What then explains the disproportionate minority contact that occurs and the disparate treatment within the prosecutor’s office? Although police and prosecutors may contend that discrimination does not occur within their agency but that does not mean discrimination doesn’t occur. The facts show that minorities are targeted much more than whites. There are many factors that contribute to this. I don’t believe it is any one agency that specifically targets minorities but rather the criminalRead MoreDisproportionate Minority Contact ( Dmc ) Is A Phenomenon That Occurs Within The Criminal Justice System Essay1923 Words   |  8 Pages Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) is a phenomenon that occurs within the criminal justice system. DMC is exhibited through the high percentages of minority contact statistically when compared to predictions that are based on the minority populations within certain communities. DMC is even prevalent in the juvenile justice system that has been created here in America. Disproportionate minority contact is a national, state and local issue that has been discussed for years. The government hasRead MoreWorking As A Juvenile Supervision Officer For The Fort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department1350 Words   |  6 PagesFort Bend County Juvenile Probation Department, I come in contact with a lot of juvenile offenders. What I have notice during my tenure is that the majority of the juveniles I see are minorities, African- American, Hispanic and Asian young men and women. According to The Sentencing Project, â€Å"In 2010, African Americans comprised 17 percent of all juveniles, but 31 percent of all arrests.† Do juveniles of color commit crimes and come in contact with authorities more often than white juveniles? UnderstandingRead MoreImmigration Has Increased Through Out The Years And President Trump1139 Words   |  5 Pagesof race† (p3). I identify myself as a Hispanic because I was raised in Honduras, the heart of Central America, and I understand the climax that immigrants from these countries attempt to flee from. Thus, my interest in exploring more in depth the contact that Hispanic youth have with the Juvenile Justice system. Hockenberry and Puzzanchera (2016) based themselves on sample data reported to the National Juvenile Court Data Archive from more than 1,200 counties with jurisdiction over 75% of the U.SRead MoreMinority Minorities And The Juvenile Justice System900 Words   |  4 PagesDisproportionate Minority Contact Minority children are exposed to the juvenile justice system at a higher percentage than their white peers. Minority children are over represented at every level of the judicial process. Minority children are more likely to be charged, detained, and confined. The proportion of minorities increases as each level becomes more restrictive. Research also indicates that minority children receive harsher treatment than Caucasian children do. Minority children are moreRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Not Reflective Of Their National Population1612 Words   |  7 PagesThis is a problem because the overrepresentation of minorities within the juvenile justice system is not reflective of their national population percentages. Nationally, Latino and African American youth only comprise 38% of the total juvenile population combined, while Caucasian youth alone represent the majority of the population with 56% (The Census Bureau, 2010). Though various studies have been able to affirm the overrepresentation of minority youth within the juvenile justice system (GolzariRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Reporting System Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships of the overrepresentation of minorities in crime statics and if the results are biased based on race. There is a debate regarding the accuracy of the statistics provided by official data resources such as UCR and NIBRS in regards to racial disparities. The fact that racial or social class bias does have an impact on what crimes are reported and the neighborhoods that have the highest police presence does lead inevitably to an overrepresentation of minorities when viewing crime statics as quantitativeRead MoreThe Sentencing Of African Americans1626 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation. (Henderson 2000). Slightly 15% of the inmate population is made up of 283,000 Hispanic prisoners. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, every third black male gets sent to prison at least once in his life. Males of color have a disproportionate number of encounters with law enforcement, indicating that racial profiling continues to be a problem. African Americans are twice as likely to be arrested and close to four times as likely to experience the use of force during encounters withRead MoreThe On The Tom Green County Juvenile Probation Resources Website1904 Words   |  8 Pagesextent due to the many regulations they have abide by. Disproportionate Although I was unable to determine the disproportionate minority contact (DMC) rate in Tom Green County/San Angelo, TX, I was able to find an overview and analysis done on the disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in Tarrant County â€Å"over a five year period (2009-2013)† (â€Å"Tarrant County Criminal Justice Community Plan†). The overview and analysis â€Å"identified several contact points in the Tarrant County Juvenile Justice SystemRead MoreToronto Star Conducted An Analysis On The Toronto Police1656 Words   |  7 Pagesgathered from police contact cards, from noncriminal encounters with the public. Includes details on appearance, age, gender, location, mode of transportation and skin colour. In 2003-2007, the police filed out 1.5 million contact cards with 1.1 million individuals. And finally the Field Information Reports (FIR) which Replaced MANIX and became the new storage for contact card data. FIR also provides details for the nature of the police co ntact. FIR has data that details 315,000 contact cards filled out

Walter Benjamin The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical...

‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’: how has the reproduction of images changed the development of art? Identify three works of your choice to support your argument. This essay will start from Walter Benjamin’s consideration about the impact of mechanical reproduction of art as revolutionizing its social function and will describe the noticeable validity of his theory in the contemporary world. By introducing three artworks that belong to different historical periods, namely, the ‘Mechanical Head’ by Raoul Hausmann, ‘Furhead’ by John McHale and ‘Thirty Are Better Than One’ by Andy Warhol, the impact of photography and of the new technologies in contributing to the development of these works will be analysed. All†¦show more content†¦Raoul Hausmann, ‘Mechanical Head’: Benjamin defines the Dada movement as a clear example of the attempt to â€Å"create by pictorial – and literary – means the effects which public today seeks in the film† (Benjamin, 1968: 13). The reproducibility of art eliminates its uniqueness – its â€Å"aura† – in favour of an adaptation to the tools of modernity, transforming the role of the artist in the one of the engineer and his work in a construction. Haussman’s work moves between political criticisms, as he tries to exemplify in this head the example of the modern man, and scientific approaches, as he uses new technological techniques such as montage and photomontage as a tool for his art. John McHale, ‘Furhead’: This work is a representation of how mechanical reproduction of art leads to artworks that take the form of communicative gestures such as newspaper and demonstrates how art and non-art are interchangeable and how the role of the artist is not anymore defined by the art object itself. The shape of a face created through different fragments of magazines and postcards is a symbolic image of man that, as McHale sustains â€Å"matches up the requirements of constant change, fleeting impression and a high rate of obsolence† (McHale, 2011: 33). Andy Warhol, ‘Thirty Are Better Than One’: The last artwork is another example of how the modern world of repetition leads to theShow MoreRelatedThe Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter Benjamin1263 Words   |  5 Pages While reading the article, â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction† by Walter Benjamin, it is clear to grasp the idea being portrayed. The author is determined to prove to his readers how the advancement of humanity has led to drastic changes in how we create and perceive artwork. Mechanical reproduction of a work of art, however, represents something new. Historically, it advanced intermittently and in leaps at long intervals, but with accelerated intensity. One of the questionsRead MoreReaction Essay on Movie â€Å"Shadow Magic† and Article â€Å"the Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction† by Walter Benjamin.965 Words   |  4 PagesAfter reading the article on The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter Benjamin, it gives a lot of things to think about art these days and how it should be, whether the thinking of Walter Benjamin is relevant to our age of society these days is a different part of the story but how he interprets art in the article is a totally different thing, so let us view a bit about his article. â€Å"Our fine arts were developed, their types and uses were established, in times very differentRead MoreDada vs. Walter Benjamin: What Value Does Dada Have in Context of Walter Benjamins the Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction?3101 Words   |  13 Pages------------------------------------------------- Unit 7. ------------------------------------------------- Dada Vs. Walter Benjamin: What value does Dada have in context of Walter Benjamins The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction? ------------------------------------------------- Martin Hannon ------------------------------------------------- Martin Newth ------------------------------------------------- B.A. Photography, Year 2. ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------Read MoreReaction Of Walter Benjamin And The Film Shadow Magic 915 Words   |  4 PagesResponse to Walter Benjamin and the film â€Å"Shadow Magic† â€Å"One might generalize by saying: the technique of reproduction detaches the reproduced object from the domain of tradition. By making many reproductions it substitutes a plurality of copies for a unique existence. And in permitting the reproduction to meet the beholder or listener in his own particular situation, it reactivates the object reproduced.† - Walter Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1936) Benjamin is sayingRead MoreThe Work Of Art During The Age Of Mechanical Reproduction1057 Words   |  5 PagesIn The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction (1936), Walter Benjamin examines the mechanically reproduced art in relation to the practice of politics and shows a positive attitude toward the mechanical reproduction in modern age. In The Culture Industry (1944), Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer who belong to the Frankfurt School same like Benjamin (although some scholars distinguish Walter Benjamin from the Frankfurt School) criticize the contemporary popular culture as a ramificationRead MoreRelationship between Mechanical Reproduction, Art and Culture754 Words   |  4 Pagesbe reflected in different forms of art because the marxist school believes that everything in a society is based on the current modes of production. A change to the mode of production will bring change to politics, law, philosophy, religion, and art. Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin are three of the most notable critics of Marxism. They write about the production of cultural subject in capitalist societies, agreeing that reproduction of art has drastically changed due to mechanizationRead MoreArt and Reproduction: Joan of Arc Images Essay942 Words   |  4 Pages In the Wallach Gallery exhibition of Anna Hyatt Huntington’s sculpture (1876-1973), the viewer gets to discover different versions of the emblematic figure that is Joan of Arc, from small bronze medals, to much bigger works of art. A digital replication of the initial statue that was unveiled at Riverside Drive and 93rd Street in December 1915 is also available the public in the gallery. The success of the Joan of Arc – or The Maid of Orleans’s depictions results from the symbol that she fostersRead More Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Essay3126 Words   |  13 Pagesmuseum of art, at any given time, and one could find an abundance of monumental names l isted on tiny plaques hanging next to even more recognizable works of art. The excitement felt by any art enthusiast when walking into these buildings of time and creation, is undeniable and especially unique. Could it be the atmosphere of the building, the presence of artwork, the people, possibly the grandeur of the space, or perhaps, could it be the spirit of the artists themselves, peering through the work theyRead More Reproducibility Of Man Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesReproducibility of Man nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When Walter Benjamin wrote The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction in 1969, I am sure he didn’t expect it to parallel the arguments of today’s discussions on the ethics of cloning. In the short shadow of the replication of Dolly the sheep, and five little piglets from Virginia comes the discussion on if this practice should really be allowed, and if so, what limits do you set? How can you look in the eyes of people who have

Romeo and Juliet Movie Comparison Free Essays

string(65) " lost a child the same age as Juliet, and also lost her husband\." In Franco Zeffirelli’s 1968 version of  Romeo and Juliet, is a traditional adaptation of Shakespeare’s original Romeo and Juliet, with some variations. Baz Luhrmann directed the 1996 version, also known as the MTV  Romeo †  Juliet. This version is very modernized, but keeps the language intact with few changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Movie Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many differences between Zeffirelli’s  Romeo and Juliet  and the Signet version of  Romeo and Juliet. Romeo’s entire speech that begins â€Å"Alas that love, whose view is muffled still, Should without eyes see pathways to his will! † (at act 1 scene 1 line 174) is deleted. With the deletion of these lines, the audience, is not privy to his longing for Rosaline. Even though Friar Lawrence mentions Rosaline later in the movie, we are not shown Romeo as a boy whose heart is easily captured, but rather, ready to be caught. In Luhrmann’s version of  Romeo †  Juliet,  this scene, even though cut in some ways, is shown with Romeo writing in his diary. He talks of his love, but he does not seem like he’s in love, but rather a repressed adolescent or a typical teen. Romeo doesn’t confide later to Benvolio as in the Signet version. In the MTV version of  Romeo †  Juliet,  the Nurse’s role is cut considerably. Her speech about â€Å"weaning† Juliet, and Juliet falling with her first steps, and the reference to the earthquake are deleted. This is a major change because it completely changes the dynamics of the relationship between the Nurse and Juliet. We do not get the same sense of closeness between the two as we do in the Zeffirelli film. We also do not see the scene where the Nurse tells about Romeo’s banishment and Tybalt’s death. The reason for this is because of the speed of the film. Luhrmann keeps the pace of this film at very high speeds, and when you look back at the text, the Nurse’s role slows the pace considerably. She’s older, she’s slower, and she’s trying to extend her importance to Juliet and Romeo, but in the MTV Version, her role is cut drastically, which only contributes to Juliet’s isolation. In both movies, the presence of Paris at Juliet’s grave is discluded. This is probably for the better. While reading the play, it seemed like overkill, like just one more obstacle to prevent Romeo from getting to Juliet. Even though the audience know the outcome, they are still anxious to see Romeo get to her. Plus it helped keep the movies within two hours, give or take some. We also do not get the lamentation speeches from Juliet’s family after her fake death. Both films go straight to the funeral. The film allows directors to keep the audience from investing too much grief for the family by swiftly showing the funeral. The lamentation speeches of Shakespeare’s plays were needed, because they did not have the same visual choice that the filmmakers of today have. Romeo, being one of the protagonists of  Romeo and Juliet, is played very differently between Leonardo De Caprio and Leonard Whiting. While Leonard Whiting plays the typical adolescent to a tee, Leonardo De Caprio has much more depth and expresses his anguish in much more dramatic ways. For example, when Romeo being played by De Caprio is challenged by Tybalt he knows the consequence of his fighting and tries with all his might to prevent fighting with Tybalt, even though Tybalt is kicking his butt. We get the impression that he is truly trying to befriend him and make him understand that fighting should be left aside and that there will be great regrets. In Zeffirelli’s version, Leonard Whiting plays a younger spirited Romeo. When Whiting is challenged by Tybalt, he is playful and does try to prevent a fight, but it is more with playful words and not because he knows the consequence of the fight or duel. We also get the feeling that De Caprio is much more mature than Whiting. While Whiting plays a lovesick kid from an upper class family, he still appears to be naive and does not grow to the depths that De Caprio does. From the very beginning, De Caprio is seen as a street smart, savvy, mature young man. His writing in his diary shows us depths that does not show on Whiting, where he is only twirling a twig of flowers. The balcony scene is another scene that shows the differences between the two actors. In the ’68 version, Whiting is very childish and playful. He plays around in the trees while he’s waiting for Juliet. This reminded me of the young Kevin Costner in  Silverado  when he was swinging from the jail cell bars, showing his youth. He is also like a puppy, very young and immature; he seems unconcerned about his safety; he only has eyes for Juliet. We can see that is his only thought or concern. When he leaves we see him jumping and skipping, and once again we are aware of his youth. Leonardo De Caprio shows much more passion and desire. We do not get the sense of immaturity with De Caprio, but rather a sense of manhood. His eyes show deep desire, like he knows what she looks like naked. He also is very sure and thrilled, he is aware of the danger by his presence and takes caution to be careful. Whiting seemed oblivious to his danger. His only concern is his love and desire for Juliet. De Caprio is more aware of the consequences of their love; Whiting is only aware of his love. One of the most important relationships in  Romeo and Juliet  is the relationship between the Nurse and Juliet. In Act 1, Scene 3 we are introduced to the most vivid character of the play, the Nurse. With her speech that begins â€Å"Even or odd, of all days in the year, Come Lammas Eve at night shall she be fourteen. † (1. 3. 16-48), we learn that she nursed Juliet, she lost a child the same age as Juliet, and also lost her husband. You read "Romeo and Juliet Movie Comparison" in category "Essay examples" The Nurse’s role is very important to Juliet. The Nurse is the one that is there for Juliet, she is her confidant, she is her friend. This is especially important near the end of the play when Juliet realizes she is alone after the Nurse tells her to go ahead and commit bigamy and marry Paris. In Zeffirelli’s  Romeo and Juliet  the Nurse plays the role of the Nurse as it’s written in the play. She is affectionate; she is giggly, and loving. We see Juliet and the Nurse being openly affectionate with each other and can tell from this film that Juliet depends on the Nurse. This is especially so when Lady Capulet tells Juliet about the marriage to Paris. After Juliet gives her â€Å"I’ll look to like, if looking liking move† (1. 3. 97) speech, she looks to the Nurse for approval. After the Nurse smiles back at Juliet, we see relief and trust in Juliet’s eyes. In Luhrmann’s version of  Romeo †  Juliet,  we get a very different version of the Nurse, and a very different version of Juliet because of the changes. The Nurses speech about how she weaned Juliet and the reference to the earthquake are omitted. The affection that is so apparent in the Zeffirelli version is non-existent in the MTV version. This changes the character of Juliet considerably. She is perceived as more isolated and alone from the very beginning. We see her as a teen that does not have someone to confide in other than God. When the Nurse tells her to commit bigamy, we do not get the same sense of betrayal as we do with the Zeffirelli version. There Juliet was extremely pained and had to take a stand for herself, by herself, for the first time in her life. As the Nurse is Juliet’s confidant, the Friar is Romeo’s trusting friend. In the MTV version of  Romeo †  Juliet, Pete Postiethwaite plays a very different Friar compared to the 1968 version and the text. Pete Postiethwaite plays a tattoo bearing, Jerry Garcia-like horticulturist who is Romeo’s only confidant. Milo O’Shea’s version of the Friar is very sympathetic and caring. He only has the best of intentions in mind. Friar Lawrence is very important to Romeo. The Friar is the one who guides him and also picks him up when he is down. Even though both Friars are different in appearance and personality, I believe they both portray a very sympathetic, caring friend to both Romeo and Juliet. The Friar may ultimately be the one to blame, but he only led Romeo and Juliet because he believed their union would bring the feuding families together. I believe both played a regretful Friar when it all ended. The ’96 version shows Friar Lawrence frantically tracking the express letter. He is sweating and projects urgency into his voice, albeit his role in the church is omitted. In the ’68 version, when the Friar sees the Page outside the tomb, he frantically rushes to Juliet’s side. He is careful with Juliet but in the end must abandon her to escape blame. Once again Juliet is abandoned. The most dynamic conflict is between Tybalt and Romeo. Tybalt is not nearly as literate or well spoken as Romeo, plus he harbors much hate for Romeo. In both films we get the sense that Tybalt might be aware of Romeo’s and Juliet’s love during Capulets party, even though it is not played out any farther, but may be the fuel for Tybalt’s challenge. In Zeffirelli’s film, Romeo, Leonard Whiting, is oblivious to Tybalt’s challenge and when he is called a â€Å"Villain† he does not seem fazed, while Tybalt, played by Michael York, is extremely perplexed. He does not understand why he is not getting a reaction from Romeo. He came ready to fight, and when Romeo does not face his challenger, Tybalt tries to provoke Romeo by slapping his hand away and smelling his own, as if Romeo has a stench. But Romeo is still not provoked, and his friend Mercutio steps up to the plate for him. The fight between Mercutio and Tybalt is light hearted and playful. The crowd is laughing and cheering them on. The only one who sees the seriousness is Romeo, who is trying to stop them. Once Mercutio is killed, Romeo is fueled and goes after Tybalt. The conflict for Romeo is revenge for his friend’s death. The fight between Romeo and Tybalt takes on a much more serious tone; the crowd is no longer cheering and laughing. The anger and hatred show in both characters. They are fighting till the end. In Luhrmann’s version, Tybalt, played by John Leguizamo, is very much like a gang member whose mind is set on destroying Romeo. He appears much more dangerous and dark and looming. When Romeo, De Caprio, appears, he is instantly aware of Tybalt’s hatred and is concerned for both their safeties. Tybalt is determined to go after Romeo, whether or not Romeo wants to fight. When Romeo tries to shake his hand, Tybalt slaps it away and attacks Romeo from behind when Romeo starts to walk away. Romeo keeps yelling to stop, he does not want to fight, but Tybalt is relentless. It isn’t until Mercutio steps in that the scene changes to their fight and Mercutio’s death. Mercutio’s death is what fuels Romeo to fight and go after Tybalt. Romeo shows courage and hate, and he’s screaming at Tybalt. It is highly emotional and charged. Romeo is aware of his consequences if he goes farther, but Tybalt pushed him to the limit. Then he kills Tybalt. De Caprio instantly regrets his actions. The setting for Zeffirelli’s film is in classical Verona. The set has many domineering walls and tons of concrete. It gives the feeling of coldness. The only warmth is the balcony scene, with the trees and soft lighting. The setting keeps the audience’s attention on the actors and helps them to see the actors as Shakespeare may have directed them. In Luhrmann’s version, the town is called Verona, but resembles downtown Los Angeles more than Italy. The set is current and up to date. It did not try to recreate Shakespeare, but rather, to show how Shakespeare evolves. The physical location of this film helps to understand the story better. It uses our own experiences and our own visual setting, and even though the language is still hard to understand, the setting brings it all together. Luhrmann handles the death scene very differently from the text and Zeffirelli’s  Romeo and Juliet. Luhrmann’s version is much more intense and more tragic. It begins with Romeo, De Caprio, fleeing from the cops. There is a lot of action, with noise and intense music, to keep the audience in suspense. We even see the apothecary scene which is deleted from the ’68 version. When Romeo gets to the church he takes a man hostage before he enters the church. This also adds to the suspense. Once inside the church, and not a tomb, Romeo shows many of his emotions through his facial expressions. We can see the fear and foreboding in his eyes. The church is tacky with neon crosses and lights shaped as candles. When Romeo finally reaches Juliet, Claire Danes, he shows concern and anguish in his eyes over her death. He is crying, and the audience can see his pain. He lies next to her,   pets her and cries uncontrollably. We can tell he understands that death is final. Juliet begins to awaken from her self-induced sleep right as Romeo takes his deadly poison. We want Romeo to see Juliet is still awake, but he is too late. The look in his eyes as he becomes aware of Juliet is heart wrenching. It’s that realization that he has made a mistake. While Romeo is still alive, Juliet whispers her line â€Å"O Churl! Drunk all and left no friendly drop to help me after? I will kiss thy lips† This final kiss is so sweet and so desperate. If only Romeo saw Juliet’s hand move. Juliet’s choice of weapon in this movie is a revolver, rather than a dagger. She blows her brains out. In Zeffirelli’s  Romeo and Juliet, the scene is not changed much from the text, except we do not see Romeo, Leonard Whiting, go to the apothecary. As mentioned previously, the only omission is Paris as it is in the Luhrmann film; otherwise, it is true to Shakespeare. Romeo breaks the door of the tomb down with a rock. We do not get the same sense of urgency as we do in the MTV version. The tomb is dark and dingy and full of dead people. When he sees Juliet, Olivia Hussey, he is still very childlike and actually smiles. This gives the audience a sense that he does not realize the finality of death. He tries to awaken Juliet with soft, cooing words. He does not seem serious until he sees Tybalt, who is not present in the Luhrmann film. At this point, he makes his final speech and says good-bye to life. This is where we get the feeling that Romeo is finally getting it: death is the end, and there is no turning back. When he takes his last kiss from Juliet, he cries for the first time and does show anguish. In the Zeffirelli version, the Friar comes into the tomb right as Romeo dies. This scene is omitted from the ’96 version. The Friar sees the outcome of his actions. He takes responsibility for the fate of these children. When Juliet wakens he tries to protect her from the news of Romeo’s death. He pulls her gently away from where Romeo is lying. But he fails to protect her, and she finds Romeo all the same, at which point the Friar leaves. Juliet looks at Romeo with concern and confusion. She kisses him, and then cries like a child at the fact that he is gone and she is there. She kisses him all over his face; she does not want to give up, but then she hears a noise and finds the dagger. The final scene with them dead seems to embody them; they will be eternally beautiful. How to cite Romeo and Juliet Movie Comparison, Essay examples

Changing Tastes in Music free essay sample

Now Over the time, people have listened to different kinds of music. In the past, people used to listen to classic music. For example, our parents used to listen to folk music, classic rock or opera. Now, things are very different because our generation like to enjoy by listening club music, like house music or rock music. Why the music changed so much? Because our generation Is very dynamic and the technology progressed a lot. 50 years ago, the singers use to compose songs by musical Instruments, using only the natural sounds.Today, our singers use computers, machines and a lot of things Like that to make their music sounds good. For example, the rock music use artificial sounds made by electric guitars. Actually I think the old generation Is very unsatisfied because the old kinds of music are very soothing compared with the musical styles In our days. So, our parents dont understand why en love this dynamic music. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Tastes in Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We also dont understand their preferences because we live in different world and styles. Now, lets talk about an old kind of music and a rent kind of singer: The folk music is a traditional kind of music.The term folk music originated in the 19th century as a term for musical folklore. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Percy Grainier, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Bla Bart ¶k were the more appreciated composers and they were very popular. On the other hand, heavy metal is a totally different kind of music. With roots in blues-rock and psychedelic rock, the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. The first heavy metal bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple attracted large audiences. In our days, many of this old bands are still listening to. So, their music in very popular. In conclusion, the music is very different because we want it to be different. Nobody Ml make kinds of music without an important popularity of that style of music. Changing Tastes in Music free essay sample Today, our singers use computers, machines and a lot of things like that to make their music sounds good. For example, the rock music use artificial sounds made by electric GU Atari. Actually I think the Old generation is very unsatisfied because the old kinds of music are very soothing compared with the musical styles in our days. So, our parents dont understand why we love this dynamic music. We also dont understand their preferences because we live in different world and styles. Now, lets talk about an old kind of music ND a current kind of singer: The folk music is a traditional kind of music.The term folk music originated in the 1 9th century as a term for musical folklore. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Percy Grainier, Ralph Vaughan Williams and B ©la Bartok were the more appreciated composers and they were very popular. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Tastes in Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, heavy metal is a totally different kind of music. With roots in blues-rock and psychedelic rock, the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, hardhearted by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness.The first heavy metal bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple attracted large audiences. In our days, many of this old bands are still listening to. So, their music in very popular. In conclusion, the music is very different because we want it to be different. Nobody will make kinds of music without an important popularity of that style of music. So, think that we can listen anything and we can choose our selves what music to listen to.

Penalty Rates Given Imposed By Government â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Penalty Rates Given Imposed By Government? Answer: Introducation The Caf Cartagena operated 10 hours on each Sunday and has 5 employees. The penalty rates given imposed by the government for working on Sundays are $40 per hour. This let the employees earn $400 each on Sunday. The cost of salary for the caf owners is 400*5=$2000. The others costs including coffee cups and electric charges are $500. The cost of coffee machines is $1000. All these summed up to derive the accounting or explicit cost of the caf. This amount fell when government reduced the penalty rate to $20 and that further reduced total accounting cost. The implicit costs are being the opportunity cost the firm undertakes for running the coffee shop on Sundays. The economic profit and accounting profit figure also changed and shown in the following tables. Total Revenue from sales per Sunday $12,000 Explicit Cost Wages to employees $2000 Other costs (Coffee cups, electric etc) $500 Cost of coffee machine $1000 Total Explicit Cost $3500 Accounting Profit (less Explicit Cost) $8500 Table 1: Accounting Profit (Before Cut) Total Revenue from sales per Sunday $12,000 Explicit Cost (After Cut in Penalty Rate) Wages to employees $1000 Other costs (Coffee cups, electric etc) $500 Cost of coffee machine $1000 Total Explicit Cost $2500 Accounting Profit (less Explicit Cost) $9500 Table 2: Accounting Profit (After Cut) Total Revenue from sales per Sunday $12,000 Implicit Cost Rent of coffee shop on Sunday $1500 Total sacrifice made from withdrawing cash from bank $400 Total opportunity cost of owning business over job $800 Total Implicit Cost $2700 Total Explicit Cost $3500 Economic Profit (less Explicit Cost and Implicit Cost) $5800 Table 3: Economic Profit (Before Cut) Total Revenue from sales per Sunday $12,000 Implicit Cost (After Cut in Penalty Rate) Rent of coffee shop on Sunday $1500 Total sacrifice made from withdrawing cash from bank $400 Total opportunity cost of owning business job $800 Total Implicit Cost $2700 Total Explicit Cost $2500 Economic Profit (less Explicit Cost and Implicit Cost) $6800 Table 4: Economic Profit (After Cut) The average total cost defines the per unit cost of production. This can be derived by dividing total cost by total units of coffee sold. At this point, we consider total cost to be total accounting cost hence ATC= TC/Q = $3500/4000 = $0.875 After the cut in penalty rate by the government the total accounting or explicit cost fell to $2500 that further reduced average total cost equals to $2500/4000= $0.625 The concept of sunk cost refers to the cost made in production that can not retrieved or recovered back by any means. This is similar to fixed cost incurred in any production with only difference being fixed cost is the payment made inform of investment or contractual deal and can have possibility to be revered with higher scale of production and sales that would generate more revenue and profit. Higher ale would die down the fixed cost incurred with falling average and total cost of production and service. This combined with higher revenue earned reaps higher profit and the fixed cost becomes recovered over time. However, sunk cost is different. It is more like onetime payment or cost incurred that have no possibility or scope to be recovered by means of production, sales or any strategies. In our case study, the Caf incurs explicit cost and implicit cost respectively. Before the cut in the penalty rate there has not been any sunk cost in the business since all the costs made for pa ying the salary of employees, other cost including electric, coffee cup etc, cost of coffee machine and the opportunity cost of selling coffee on Sunday in Cartagena. After the government reduced the penalty rate of working on Sunday from $40 to $ 20, the caf incurred lower explicit cost with implicit cost remaining same. This increased the economic profit and accounting profit both in terms of extra earning. This induced them to celebrate and for that they drew cash of $1000 which they never returned. Now this amount can be treated as sunk cost, because this cannot be retrieved back through the means of selling coffee that also under no action taken by them in order to sale more and earn more profit. Cartagena operates in an extremely competitive market. Due to that they can not increase the price per cup of coffee in the shop because they know doing so will reduce the consumers of their service and that can be drastically low up to zero also. However, the owners have the ability to sell any number of coffees at the prevailing price of $3.00 per cup of coffee. This leads to elastic demand curve since for one unit increase in price no matter how small, the change in demand is infinitely large and falls to zero making the slope of the demand curve infinite and it looks like horizontal line. Due to operating in highly competitive market, they knew that they wont be able to make any changes in prices since that would lead to greater fall in the demand ultimately incurring loss. But they had the opportunity of increasing sales up to any units more than they did on each Sundays. Operating at their full capacity they were able to sell 4000 cups of coffees per Sunday. When the government reduced penalty rate it reduces accounting cost of the firm and increasing the economic profit than before. At this point they could hire more employees since per employee salary cost now reduced to half of the amount incurred previously. Utilizing the lower penalty rate, they could easily higher more and sell more to earn more. But they did not do so. Apparently, their decision might seem irrational but they actually took good decision. To justify this it can be highlighted from the case study that they were operating at full capacity. No matter how much more they employ, it was not possible to earn more if the capacity was not expanded. To extend and expand the capacity of production business plan and larger cost would have to be incurred. Moreover this takes time too since it is long run concept. Therefore, their decision was perfectly right as per my analysis. References Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Fisher, F. M., Shell, K. (2014).The Economic Theory of Price Indices: Two Essays on the Effects of Taste, Quality, and Technological Change. Academic Press. Nicholson, W., Snyder, C. M. (2014).Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013).Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Shephard, R. W. (2012).Cost and production functions(Vol. 194). Springer Science Business Media. Shepherd, R. W. (2015).Theory of cost and production functions. Princeton University Press. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. West, D. C., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E. (2015).Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA.

Rain Main Essays - Cinema Of The United States,

Rain Main Rain Man, a film about an exceptional person, portrays the life of Raymond Babbot and his struggle to be understood and loved by his brother Charlie Babbot. This academy award-winning drama stars two incredibly talented actors - Tom Cruise (Charlie) and Dustin Hoffman (Raymond). These two brothers, separated at a young age by Raymond's exceptional condition, find themselves later in life brought together by their father's death. The movie grabs the heart of it's audience in an attempt to bring together the life of the ?exceptional? person with that of the ?normal? mainstream life. The Rain Man drama begins with a young man (Charlie) sorting through his acceptance with his father's death, or shall I say basically waiting to find out exactly what his inheritance may be. The Babbot family never really had a history of ?togetherness? as Charlie and Raymond's mother lost her life at their young age and while Charlie was three Raymond was sent off to WallBrook, a facility meeting the needs of exceptional people. As the inheritance is read to Charlie, he finds himself left with only a Buick convertible and a rose bush, while the rest of his father's $3.5 million estate was left to a trustee (a director at the WallBrook facilities). Distraught with the idea that someone else has the money that Charlie needs, he heads off to meet with the trustee at WallBrook. Once there, Charlie Babbot finds himself not helped at all and upon leaving meets the genius of Dustin Hoffman (Raymond Babbot), which begins the story of Rain Man. Raymond Babbot is what is known as an autistic-savant, or also referred to as an idiot-savant. This is a problem usually categorized by a problem with communicating, learning, and expression of one's self. Raymond has an extensive routine which he follows daily from the times of television shows he watches, to bed times, to food he eats, to the exact arrangement of his room. Anything interfering with this exact routine makes Raymond extremely nervous. He also has trouble making decisions with the repeated line ?I don't know.? Though Charlie first thinks Raymond to be stupid, retarded, and a complete idiot, he later finds Raymond to be an utter genius with numbers and statistics - basically anything to do with order and arrangement. Excited about having a brother and the opportunity to get the money left by his dad, Charlie kidnaps Raymond from WallBrook. Very quickly Charlie gets disgusted with Raymond and unwilling to accept that he doesn't understand some things. Because of this and the fact that Charlie has such an inability to understand others because of his own selfishness., Charlie's girlfriend leaves him. Then begins Charlie and Raymond's infamous trip to California. This part is where I believe the author is intending to introduce inclusion of exceptional people into the mainstream, normal life. All of the sudden Raymond is thrown unexpectedly into everyday situations. Immediately Charlie begins to find out just what a tremendous schedule and time frame Raymond must be on. This is very evident in Raymond's need to watch television shows such as ?The Peoples' Court? and ?Jeopardy? and also with the exact food schedule coordinated by the days of the week. Raymond is very set in his ways which bring Charlie to a heated height. For example: just as they are about to board a plane, Raymond starts blurting out all of these statistics about plane crashes and how unsafe it is to fly. Then later refuses to go out when it is raining. Charlie becomes extremely disgusted with Raymond, but then dramatically turns around and begins to understand Raymond and the needs he has in his life. On the Babbot brother's great trip to Las Vegas they find themselves all suited up and ?rolling in the dough? with Raymond's genius ability to play black jack (count cards). Charlie then has enough money to pay off his debt. They get to stay in the ?high roller's suite? and this is really the first time it is evident of Charlie's love for Raymond. As they enter the room they find the bed in the right place and the room prearranged just as Raymond would have it. Raymond and Charlie continue their ?adventure? to California where

Acounting job analysis

Acounting job analysis Free Online Research Papers In creating a job analysis comprising a list of job requirements and working conditions of each discrete job by giving each discrete job a generic title, creating a brief description of job activities for each discrete job, creating a list of essential functions that an employee must be able to do to perform each discrete job properly, creating a list of strength requirements of each discrete job, creating a list of physical requirements of each discrete job, and creating a list of frequencies of certain motions and movements necessary to perform each discrete job. A job analysis is conducted to pin-point the critical duties, tasks, and employees must possess to successfully perform the job. A job analysis can consist of questionnaires or just simple questions to aid in determining your ability to do the job. This is entry-level accounting work in independently auditing the financial records of companies or assisting a higher level accountant in this activity. The employee independently conducts examinations of accounts, including the preparation of the complete audit reports. Work in independent examinations is assigned by a higher level accountant and is subject only to general review. As a member of the team, the employee may be assigned any phase of a complex audit and work is reviewed by the accountant in charge. Work assigned requires familiarity with examination procedures and provisions of the system sufficient to conduct an examination of normal difficulty without supervision. Work requires the analysis of facts and figures to determine the propriety of charges or credits allocated to the various accounts of a company under examination, as well as drafting preliminary or tentative fiscal reports of findings. Assessments of the extent to which a companys accounts and accounting system conform to legal requirements are tentative and subject to review by a higher level accountant. Work is evaluated on the basis of performance on actual audits, by testimony given on rate hearings, and through review of audit reports for completeness. The ideal candidate for this position is to have a bachelor’s degree in accounting or related field. The ability to obtain professional recognition through certification or licensure, a master’s degree and proficiency in accounting is needed. However, if a candidate believes he/she is qualified for the job although he/she does not have the minimum qualifications set forth below, he/she may request special consideration through substitution of related education and experience, demonstrating the ability to perform the essential functions of the position. For each candidate and individual interview will be conducted. The individual interview is an opportunity for you to share your understanding of the job(2), the ideas and values you bring to the position, your motivations for applying, your talents and weaknesses, and other aspects of your candidacy. The interview will be conducted by a team composed of the senior accountant and a human resources employee. The interview is intended to be a time of dialogue between you and the interview team and is an opportunity for you to ask questions about the job and the department. The interview technique is used to gather qualitative information and the opinions of those persons affected by a particular program or project, its context, implementation, results and impact. Several forms of interview can be distinguished, each of which fulfils a different purpose: the informal conversation interview; the semi-structured, guide-based interview; and the structured interview (the most rigid approach ). The following is based on a semi-structured interview, the technique that is used most frequently in the evaluation of the job requirements. Creating a job analysis is a vital function in considering employees to fit the best employee for the job. Job requirements aid in weeding through applicants who are more qualified for the job. After fitting the requirements it is important to evaluate the employee to see if they are capable of fulfilling the functions of the job. That is the main purpose of the KSAOs. KSAOs(1) are the knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics which all encompass the job requirements and qualifications. There are two categories technical and behavioral. Technical measure acquired knowledge and other technical skills such as the ability to create and manage databases. Behavioral measure attitudes and approaches taken on the employees work such as the ability to collaborate. The ratings for the KSAOs(1) are how important these skills are to perform the job to the best ability. Appendix Job matrix 1 Title Summary Duties What to expect. Experience Skills KSAOs importance rating(1-8) Accountant Apply principles of accounting to record financial information and prepare statements and reports. Assemble, compile and classify data, prepare balance sheets and document business transactions. Work may be related to AP/AR, payroll or general accounting. Research Papers on Acounting job analysisMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Working Capital Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Working Capital Management - Essay Example The paper tells that working capital for any firm is defined as the amount of money or current assets required by an organization for its everyday running. Liquidity in a business ensures that it remains solvent and that all its operations can be successfully undertaken. Cash, therefore, is a crucial part of the survival of any business organization. For this reason, sound financial management policies are paramount to the success of any business. Working capital management also involves providing finances for investment in the short term assets that are essential for the day to day running of the organization. They include reserve for unexpected costs, pre paid costs like operating licenses and insurance policies. Cyclic or seasonal financial needs should also be met. A clear example is the excessive spending of credit card holders during festive seasons like Christmas, where the banks experience an increase in lending. Good financial management will ensure that the banks can give a s much money as possible. There is also a delicate balance between too much solvency and profit maximization of an institution. Citibank, the principal operating subsidiary of Citicorp are among the biggest financial institutions in the world. Citibank has many international branches especially in south East Asia. In 1983, Citibank’s country manager for Indonesia, Melhi Mistri, was faced with the task of increasing profitability while managing the banks operating capital in line with reviews of its operating budget. He also had the mome

Humanitarianism and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanitarianism and Human Rights - Essay Example Human rights occur and persist as a consequence of agendas that have been developed and implemented by international development banks and agencies concerned. This is according to Ellen Messer’s discussions on human rights and humanitarian. Anthropologists have looked into and have been compliant with human rights standards, and they have a stand for moral values by criticizing violations and abuses. They have also helped in channeling those who are affected by human rights abuses and how they can protest violations and protections directly. Messer suggests that Africans need to redefine human rights; they need to know the definition of human rights according to the International legal spheres definition since they seem to be suffering at the hands of other people not knowing what their rights are. This is because traditional rights and responsibilities have been wasted away in the urban contexts, and they are not followed anymore. Women and the children are the ones seen to suffer the most. They are taken into slavery and forced to work on large scale farms. In Africa also they have debates whether rights to development and freedom from hunger take priority over the emphasis on individual political-economic freedom. Africans are slaves of power and authority; they do not have rights to air their views on politics that go on. Their focus is how they are going to free themselves from hunger, and that’s why they are turned to be slaves since they have no option when it comes to food.

Developing Outcomes Based Policy for Education

Developing Outcomes Based Policy for Education Since 1994, South Africa has experienced the policy cycle in a fast-forward mode due to the transition phase from the apartheid era. As a result, policy design, legislation and policy implementation have proceeded rapidly in all sectors. This transition meant that many of the policies that were inherited from the apartheid era were inappropriate for the democratic dispensation. To this effect Roux (2002:420) notes that constitutional reform has led to change and transformation in almost all spheres of government and administration. Such changes affected virtually all the functional fields of government, and consequently redefined the role of policy- and decision-makers. Echoing this sentiment Brynard (2005:3) states that an extraordinary degree of intellectual and political energy was harnessed to generate public policies that would suit the current needs of the State. South Africa, in a policy context, went through a major review of policies especially between 1995 and 1996; Brynard (2005:3) terms this period the White Paper Era. Brynard (2000:164-165) further states that after 1994, the democratic government embarked on an aggressive process of policy formulation with a view to remove discrimination in the governments public policy and statute. This continued until the end of 1990s. The second democratic government (1999 to 2004) shifted focus more towards implementation of policies of a democratically elected government, which still continues. The focus of this paper is on the performance of such policies. Goldfrank (1998:1) highlights the importance of looking beyond the euphoria that comes with the installation of new governments when assessing such governments performance. He contends that, in studying the relatively recently democratised countries, scholars have largely moved beyond the theme of transitions to democratically-elected governments and have begun to ask questions regarding the kind of democracies that have arisen and how to sustain democratic practices. Almost uniformly, political analysts and actors deplore the quality of the new democracies, pointing to one or another deficiency, including ineffective legislatures, inefficient public bureaucracies, corrupt judiciaries, and, perhaps most strikingly governments inability to deliver their mandates. Sanderson (2002:2) support this view when he points out that with increasing questioning and scrutiny of public intervention in economic and social spheres, governments are turning to evidence of performance for legitimacy since it is no longer guaranteed solely by democratic political processes. This paper argues that for the government to be able to provide evidence of performance of its policies, it must institutionalise an outcomes-based evaluation system. An Outcomes-based Policy Evaluation system is presented in this paper as a tool through which the government can objectively demonstrate achievements of its policies while at the same time accounting about the performance of its policies. However, for such a framework to be successful it must be embedded on a well crafted evidence based system. Thus, the researcher will argue that Evidence-based practice is a cornerstone for an outcomes-based policy performance system. Hence a saying that the system will only be as good as the data that it is based on holds true for this paper. In support of this exposition, Rosanbalm, Owen, Rosch and Harrison (2009:6) contend that evidence-based policy provides an effective mechanism to establish, in a scientifically valid way, what works or does not work, and for whom it works or does not work. With this structured approach to evaluation, knowledge can be used to improve practice, allowing successful programs to develop iteratively over time. Without this approach, interventions go in and out of practice, little is learned about what works, and the effectiveness of social programs does not advance significantly over time. Rigorous evaluation can end the spinning of wheels and bring rapid progress to social policy as it has to the field of medicine. This paper, though critical of the emerging policy evaluation framework in SA, it acknowledges the efforts made in the policy arena since 1994. Further, in identifying challenges, this paper seeks to take a forward-looking approach that would outline the issues which government must grapple with in order to develop an outcomes based policy evaluation framework. Research Problem After fifteen years of policy implementation, questions on whether or not such policies are delivering the intended outcomes are continuously being raised by different stakeholders including the government and the ruling party, African National Congress (ANC). For instance, since its landmark victory in 1994, the ANC government has introduced several policies with the aim of improving the living conditions of the South Africans. Now the dilemma that is facing the ruling party is its inability to objectively determine the extent to which the implemented policies are adding value to the lives of the previously disadvantaged communities. The ANC has reiterated this concern in its Strategy and Tactics document of 2002 where it argues that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦policy leadership responsibility is compromised by the general absence of reliable and appropriate information that will evaluate policy performance and the impact of government policy decisions. Where there is information available it i s compiled and communicated by those responsible for implementation, which raises the question as to the reliability and validity of the evidence that is being presented to the Executive, Parliament and the ruling party. This suggests that performance measurement systems in government require serious rethinking. The biggest challenge is that most performance measurement systems in government are still input-based and, at the most, report on outputs without justifying input-output ratio (Sangweni 2006:6). Schacter (1993:1) is very accurate in his diagnosis of the problem when he contends that public sector performance has often been measured in terms of what the government has done, meaning an amount of funding provided, number of kilometers of road tarred, number of new hospital beds and so forth. Such measures focus on how busy the government has been rather than on what it has achieved. They highlight means rather than ends. Schacter (1993:2) further argues that this is not to say that keeping track of means, as opposed to ends isnt important. Governments need to measure how much they spend and do. But when performance measurement focuses too heavily or exclusively on how much is spent -inputs or done outputs as opposed to impact on society outcomes the result is often that public sector organisations lose sight of why they were created in the first place. Public organisations may be very busy but be accomplishing little from societys perspective. For example, it would be futile for the Department of Transport to build thousands of kilometers of roads to places where no one travels. The danger of this approach, as noted by Radebe and Pierre (2007:110) is that organisations take their own implementation decisions which may not be in line with national priorities. One of the consequences of the apparent absence of strategic leadership was pointed out as inappropriate infrastructure developments such a s building new parking facilities at Durban International Airport while the airport would be decommissioned in 2009. The purpose of the Study and Research Questions The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which Evidence based and Results based management approaches are being applied in SA in the area of public policy with an aim of improving policy performance feedback (performance information or evidence of whether policies are successful or not). In order to achieve this purpose the researcher will be guided by two main research questions. The first question to be addressed is: Why does the increased attention to outcomes and accountability intersect with the growing demand for evidence-based policies and programs? In other words, how does the advancement of connections between science (evidence-based policy making approach) and policy making improve policy evaluation? The researcher will contend that a government that basis its policy decisions on scientific evidence enhances its chances not only of implementing sound policies but also of executing effective performance evaluation of its policies. According to Lasswell (quoted b y Hoppe 1999:1), policy science is about the production and application of knowledge of and in policy. Policymakers, who desire to successfully tackle problems on the political agenda, should be able to mobilise the best available knowledge. This requires high quality knowledge in policy. Policymakers and, in a democracy, citizens, also need to know how policy processes really evolve. This demands precise knowledge of policy. There is an obvious link between the two: the more and better knowledge of policy, the easier it is to mobilise knowledge in policy. Hartig, DePinto, Stone and McIntyre (2003:1) observed that informing public policy with sound science has long been recognized as a vital need for effective policy management However, delivering scientific findings to policy-makers in a useful manner has been problematic. Policy-makers have often lacked timely access to scientific information. And when they do have access, this information is often too technical and needs interpretation to be truly useful for decision-making. Clearly, there is a need to strengthen science-policy linkages in order to improve policy performance. The second question to be addressed is: what strides have been made by SA towards an outcomes-based policy performance evaluation framework Where are we and what are the gaps? To this end, Scott (2006:87) argues that South African government need to be able to determine whether government policies, interpreted into government programmes and projects, are causally linked to policy outcomes. We need to be able to determine whether progress, or lack of it, is due to (or happening despite) government policies and activities. Thus this paper will carefully examine the extent to which the South African government is able to objectively report on the performance of its policy interventions and also whether policy evaluation data is utilised to improve future policy interventions. Objectives of the Study This paper has three main objectives: Firstly, the study aims to examine the extent to which departments apply the Government-wide Policy Framework on Monitoring and Evaluation which was published by government in 2007; this is an overarching policy framework that ushers a new culture on monitoring and evaluation and is predicated on a RBM approach (The Presidency 2007:1). Secondly, the study aims to assess the manner in which government departments generate and use evidence throughout the policy lifecycle (policy formulation, policy implementation and policy closure or redesign). Thirdly, the study aims to assess the impact of the existing accountability mechanisms on the utilisation of scientifically generated evidence in government. Theoretical Framework This paper employs a dynamic analysis approach of the systems theory as a basis for understanding the interrelationship between policy making and policy evaluation. Dynamic analysis examines interdependent effects among variables over time, with time lags on effects and feedback loops as part of the analysis. Dynamic analysis differs significantly from static analysis which assumes unidirectional relationships between the independent and dependent variables in the analysis. While static analysis assumes that a change in some independent variables will result in change in one or more dependent variables, dynamic analysis introduces two-way relationship or feedback loops into the system of relationships being investigated (that is, in the two-way relationship, a change in one variable affects the second, which in turn affects the first changes in both variables continue until equilibrium or system collapse occurs (Melcher A and Melcher B, 1980:235-239). Thus this paper moves from the premise that if policies are based on tested theories (theories that have been subjected to vigorous scientific procedures); examination of their performance during and after implementation is made easy. Subsequently, evidence of whether policies work or not will be feedback to the initial phase of policy formulation for policy redesign where necessary. This is premised on the fact that public policies are not eternal truths but rather hypotheses subject to alteration and to devising of new and better ones until these in turn are proved unsatisfactory (Wildavsky 1979:16). To this end, this paper ventures into assessing which procedures are in place in SA and which processes, according to literature, ought to be in place in order for government to be able to account to its citizens on the implementation of public policies. Literature is very rich on how governments ability to account on the implementation of public policies can be improved. The focus of study is limited to two interventions. They are Evidence-Based Policy Making and Results-Based Management approaches. Evidence-Based Policy Making approach finds its expression through policy science which can be summarised as the intersection between scientific research and public policy. Davies as cited by Segone (2004:27) defines evidence-based policy as an approach which helps people make well informed decisions about policies, programmes and projects by putting the best available evidence at the heart of policy development and implementation. Segone (2004:27) points out that this definition matches that of the UN in the MDG guide where it is stated that Evidence-based policy making refers to a policy process that helps planners make better-informed decisions by putting the best available evidence at the centre of the policy process. Evidence may include information produced by integrated monitoring and evaluation systems, academic research, historical experience and good practice information. This approach stands in contrast to opinion-based policy, which relies heavily on either the selective use of evidence (e.g. on single studies irrespective of quality) or on the untested views of individuals or groups, often inspired by ideological standpoints, prejudices, or speculative conjecture. Proponents of evidence-based policy and practice acknowledge that not all sources of evidence are sufficiently sound to form the basis of policy making. Much research and evaluation is flawed by unclear objectives; poor design; methodological weaknesses; inadequate statistical reporting and analysis; selective use of data; and, conclusions which are not supported by the data provided (Davies 2003:54). On the other hand, Results-Based Management (RBM) is defined as a management strategy aimed at achieving important changes in the way organisations operate, with improving performance in terms of results as the central orientation. RBM provides the management framework and tools for strategic planning, risk management, performance monitoring and evaluation. Its primary purpose is to improve efficiency and effectiveness through organisational learning, and secondly to fulfill accountability obligations through performance reporting. Key to its success is the involvement of stakeholders throughout the management lifecycle in defining realistic expected results, assessing risk, monitoring progress, reporting on performance and integrating lessons learned into management decisions (Meier 2003:6) Scott, Joubert and Anyogu (2006:11) concur with Meier when they contend that RBM is a management strategy or approach by which an organization ensures that its processes, products and services contribute to the achievement of clearly stated results. RBM provides a coherent framework for strategic planning and management by improving learning and accountability. It is also a broad management strategy aimed at achieving important changes in the way agencies operate, with improving performance and achieving results as the central orientation, by defining realistic expected results, monitoring progress towards the achievement of expected results, integrating lessons learned into management decisions and reporting on performance. Key RBM concepts central to this paper include; theory of change, causal chain, programme theory and logic model. According to Bickman (1987:2) program theory can be defined as a plausible and sensible model of how a program [policy] is supposed to work. A good program theory logically and reasonably links program activities to one or more outcomes for participants. Program theories can often be captured in a series of if-then statements IF something is done to, with, or for program participants, THEN theoretically something will change. Figure 1 below illustrates how a program theory can be captured in a logframe. On the other hand logic model is a tool for illustrating an underlying program theory. A logic model illustrates the linkages between program components and outcomes (Wilder Research Center1987:2-4). It is this theory that must be backed-up by sound evidence as discussed in chapter 2. Figure 2 below illustrates how a logic model can be captured. ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS RESULTS IMPACT Research, monitoring, analysis of information Dissemination of information to health workers and population Informed Stakeholders Population assumes responsibility to protect, maintain, improve its health Improved general health. Reduced variances between segments of the population. Research Design This is a qualitative research which is located within the evaluation field of study. A qualitative research methodology has been chosen because of its approach towards finding the truth which bodes very well with the requirements of this study. Qualitative methods draw up an interpretive paradigm where there are multiple truths regarding the social world. In qualitative methods knowledge gathering is always partial, and the researcher is encouraged to be on the same plane as the researched in an effort to promote a co-construction of meaning Try to link this statement to your study to make what you are saying clearer to the reader. (Hesse-Biber and Leavey 2006:320). The researcher will use literature review to achieve three objectives. Firstly, this paper will examine literature on the application of evidence-based and RBM approaches throughout the policy lifecycle in order to construct a framework of analysis for the study. Secondly, the paper will identify critical variables that may help government to institutionalise an outcomes-based policy evaluation framework. Thirdly, the paper will examine strides that have been made by the SA government towards an outcomes based policy evaluation framework. Comparative views on the achievement of other developing and developed countries will be included in this study in order to augment theoretical exposition of this study with empirical evidence. The literature review will further be augmented with empirical findings arising from the semi-structured interviews. The interviews will be carried out with a sample of respondents from government whose jobs functions entail research, policy analysis and evaluation. The nature of the study requires (experts focused input) that the sample be stratified; as a result the paper will use a non-probability sampling technique (judgmental sample). With regard to data analysis, the researcher will use content analysis method which has been credited for its versatility to both quantitative and qualitative research enquiries. For instance, Creswell (2003:289) contends that content analysis has historically been conducted quantitatively; however, now there is a rich tradition of qualitative content analysis. The primary difference in these two broad applications is in research design. Quantitative approaches to content analysis are largely deductive and follow a linear model of research design. Qualitative approaches are mainly inductive and follow what is termed a spiral model of research design. When using a linear design the researcher has a preconceived set of steps to follow in a linear (vertical) path through each phase of the research process. A spiral design, employed by qualitative researchers, allows the investigator to, metaphorically, drive in and out of the data. In this model a researcher generates new understandings , with varied levels of specificity (Hesse, et al 2003:289). This paper will employ the spiral model together with the memo writing approach in analysing the findings. By writing memos one can raise a code to the level of a category. The idea of a grounded theory approach is to read carefully through the data and to uncover the major categories and concepts and ultimately the properties of these categories and their interrelationships. Memo writing is an integral part of the grounded theory process and assists the researcher in elaborating on their ideas regarding their data and code categories. Reading through and sorting memos can also aid the researcher in integrating his or her ideas and may even serve to bring up new ideas and relationships within the data. (Hess, et al 2003:349) As the process of analysis continues the researcher may begin to see more developed codes focused codes especially through the process of writing memos. Coding is a central part of a grounded theory approach and involves extracting meaning from non-numerical data such as text and multimedia such as audio and video. Coding is the analysis strategy many qualitative researchers employ in order to help them locate key themes, patterns, ideas, and concepts that may exist within their data (Hesse, et al: 2003, 349). To conclude, Karp (2003:356) notes that after pondering the ideas in the memos and coding interviews when you think you have been able to grab onto a theme it is time to begin what he term data memo. By this he means a memo that integrates the theme with data and any available literature that fits; something that begins to look like a paper. Importance of the Study Even though the focus of this paper is on performance evaluation, it ultimately addresses a very critical issue of an accountable government. Thus the researcher will also argue that a performance evaluation system should enable the government to account to its citizens about the effective and efficient use of their resources. This paper will thus contribute to the growing body of knowledge of policy making and performance evaluation in the South African literature, which aims at strengthening the accountability mechanisms of government. Summary of Literature Review The second chapter of this study focuses on the evolution of the policy analysis with specific focus on policy making and evaluation as well as on the progress made by SA towards an outcomes-based policy evaluation framework. A brief outline of some of the sections covered in the literature is provided below: Role of theories in policy making While policy could be defined in several ways, the point of departure for this paper is that policy is viewed as a theory. The proposition of this paper is that theories that underlie policies must be backed up by scientific evidence so that measures of success for policy performance will be effective. This proposition is backed up by scholars such as Pressman and Wildavsky (1973, 1979), Bardach (1977) and more recently by Pawson (2002). For instance, Pressman and Wildavsky (1973) described any policy as a hypothesis containing initial conditions and predicted consequences. That is, the typical reasoning of the policy-maker is along the lines of if x is done at time t(1) then y will result at time t(2). Hill (1998) concludes that thus every policy incorporates a theory of cause and effect (normally unstated in practice) and, if the policy fails, it may be the underlying theory that is at fault rather than the execution of the policy. Role of Evidence in Policy Making Evidence Based Policy Making (EBPM) Approach As stated above, the proposition of this paper is that theories that underlie policies must be backed up by scientific evidence so that measures of success for policy performance will be effective. This view is supported by scholars such as Gray (1997), Davies (1999, 2003), Nutley (2003) and Segone (2004). Arguments presented by these scholars are discussed in detail in chapter two, which is the literature review chapter. These scholars concur that evidence-based decision making draws heavily upon the findings of scientific research, including social scientific research that has been gathered and critically appraised according to explicit and sound principles of scientific inquiry. Framework for an accountable and learning Government Recently, we have observed a growing interest in performance measurement or evaluation in the public sector. The question is, what drives this interest in performance measurement and evaluation, in the public sector? In answering this question Schacter (2002:5) argues that the fundamental reason why performance measurement matters to us is that it makes accountability possible, and accountability goes to the heart of our system of political governance. Schacter further contends that citizens grant their governments a high degree of control over their lives. Citizens allow governments to take part of their income through taxes for instance, and to limit their freedom through enforcement of laws and regulations. In return citizens expect their governments to be accountable to them for the ways in which they exercise power. Performance evaluation is not only beneficial to citizens but to government as well. A government that utilises findings on the performance of its policies is able to improve on new policies as well as on the implementation of such policies. Wildavsky (1984:255) echoes this point when he contends that learning evaluation strives to unearth faulty assumptions, reshape misshapen policy designs, and continuously refine goals in light of new information derived during implementation. Previous research on Policy Making and Evaluation in South Africa Literature reviewed indicates that a significant amount of work has been done on policy making and evaluation in SA. Key topics covered in the reviewed literature include transition from apartheid to democratic era, Public policy making in a post-apartheid South Africa, policy evaluation, Electoral system and political accountability. These topics are addressed in chapter 2 where I discuss the work of scholars like Van Niekerk, Van Der Waldt and Jonker (2001) Roux (2002), Cloete and Wissink (2004), Scott (2006 and 2007), Radebe and Pierre (2007), Christo de Coning (2008), Gumede (2008), Carter (2008). Government reports, covering framework and performance documents, are also used in this study to present the side of government. Notwithstanding the existence of literature on policy making and evaluation, more work is still needed on how evidence-based approach improves policy performance as well as quality of performance data; this is the area this study seeks to address. Limitations of the Study This paper will not venture to quantifiably assess the extent to which the introduction of Evidence-Based Policy Making and Results-Based Management approaches have improved policy performance feedback in SA. Such an enquiry will require more time and a different strategy; this will be a subject for further research. Nevertheless, this paper will explore scholarly literature so as to identify main arguments on how policy evaluation could be improved. Themes emanating from the literature will then be tested through an interview with a sample of policy and evaluation practitioners. The other limitation of this paper is that, no matter how relevant it may be, it does not represent the official position of government. Hence there is no guarantee for the implementation of the recommendations of this paper. Finally, the timeframe as well as the financial resources will limit the researcher from doing an in-depth analysis of key variable of the study, i.e. the relationship between policy making and policy performance measurement approaches. Chapter Outline Abstract: presents an overview of the paper and introduces contents of each chapter. Introduction: presents a background to the study, the motivations for embarking on the proposed study as well as the purpose of the study are also presented. Chapter one: This chapter provides a reader with a methodology to be employed in search for the answers to the research questions. It also presents a brief summary of the theoretical framework which includes concepts and theories. Chapter two: looks into the literature that is already available on the evolution of the policy analysis with specific focus on policy making and evaluation. Key variables for an effective policy performance assessment framework will also be identified in this chapter Chapter three: examines strides that have been made by the government towards an ideal (evidence-outcomes based framework as espoused in chapter two) policy performance evaluation framework Chapter four: provides analysis and interpretation of the research findings based on the reviewed literature and interview outcomes. The purpose of this chapter is to present solid descriptive data and to lead the reader to understand the meaning of the phenomenon that is being studied. Content analysis approach and memo writing approach are utilised to analyse and interpret the findings of the study. Chapter five: presents conclusions and recommendations that have been drawn from the reviewed literature, constructed theoretical framework, as well as the interview results. The chapter also proposes research areas requiring further research in the field of policy assessment. Conclusion In this paper the researcher intends to assess critical strides made by SA towards an outcome-based policy evaluation framework. The researcher will use evidence emanating from literature and interviews to highlight weaknesses in the SA public sector performance evaluation system.